[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":202},["ShallowReactive",2],{"post-en-the-cyborg-as-an-accurate-description-of-the-human-in-the-philosophy-of-technology":3,"translation-en-the-cyborg-as-an-accurate-description-of-the-human-in-the-philosophy-of-technology":201},["Reactive",4],{"id":5,"date":6,"date_gmt":7,"guid":8,"modified":10,"modified_gmt":11,"slug":12,"status":13,"type":14,"link":15,"title":16,"content":18,"excerpt":21,"author":23,"featured_media":24,"comment_status":25,"ping_status":25,"sticky":20,"template":26,"format":27,"meta":28,"categories":29,"tags":31,"class_list":35,"_links":45,"_embedded":87,"tagsResolved":184,"translations":188},565,"27. 06. 2018","2018-06-27T00:00:00",{"rendered":9},"https:\u002F\u002Fjakubferenc.cz\u002Farticle\u002Fkyborg-jako-presny-popis-cloveka-ve-filosofii-techniky","2025-10-16T10:00:43","2025-10-16T08:00:43","kyborg-jako-presny-popis-cloveka-ve-filosofii-techniky","publish","post","https:\u002F\u002Fcms.local.test\u002Fkyborg-jako-presny-popis-cloveka-ve-filosofii-techniky\u002F",{"rendered":17},"Kyborg jako přesný popis člověka ve filosofii techniky?",{"rendered":19,"protected":20},"\u003Cp>(tento text byl částí mého navrhovaného phd projektu)\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Jakou roli hraje technologie v dnešní informační a síťové společnosti? Jsou technologické artefakty pouze externím pomocníkem k myšlení, nebo se za určitých podmínek stávají neoddělitelnou částí mysli? Může dnešní filosofie techniky a kognitivní věda informovat design vztahu člověka a technologie? Přestože fascinaci technologickým Other nacházíme již ve staré kabalistické legendě o Golemovi nebo v příběhu Frankenstein, byly tyto otázky v akademické diskurzu dlouho opomíjeny.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Jacques Ellul po Marxovi upozorňoval na vliv automatizace a odcizení člověka. Technologie byla nanejvýše pouhou aplikací vědeckých poznatků a podle Karla Jasperse neutrálním instrumentem, který vykonává lidmi stanovené cíle. První zásadní zvrat nastal v díle Martina Heideggera, kde technologie získává ontologický primát nad vědou a stává se módem lidského bytí. Pro tyto a mnohé další komentátory byla však moderní technologie veskrze negativní element, se kterým se lidstvo musí vypořádat. Namísto pojetí technologie jako monolitické a dehumanizující abstraktní síly se od druhé poloviny dvacátého století začal pohled na technologii měnit.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Kanadský teoretik médií Marshall McLuhan přirovnal technologii k médiu i extenzi lidských schopností, která má „osobní i sociální důsledky“ (McLuhan, 1991). S proliferací prvních počítačů se průkopníci vznikajícího oboru Human-computer interaction (HCI) shodli, že počítače nám mohou pomoci se vypořádat s narůstající komplexitou informační a síťové společnosti rozšířením „lidského intelektu“ (Bush, 1945; Licklider, 1960; Engelbart, 1962). Člověk se měl v těchto vizích stát součástí symbiotického a kybernetického vztahu s technologií (kyborgem). Tyto filosoficky a systémově orientované pohledy na kognici byly v osmdesátých letech (Card, 1983) v HCI upozaděny potom, co obor našel teoretické ukotvení v kognitivní vědě a jejím dominantním \u003Cem>kognitivistickém \u003C\u002Fem>paradigmatu. Kognitivismus vidí lidskou kognici skrze metaforu počítače jako jednotku zpracovávající informace, která operuje s interními reprezentacemi tvořených z fyzických symbolů. Kognitivistické implicitní přijetí tradice karteziánských dualismů tělo-mysl a subjekt-objekt vštípilo do samotného HCI designu i vztahu člověka s technologií předpoklad, že fyzické tělo a percepce jsou pouze periferie neboli interface mezi myslí a světem (Van Dijk, 2018). Susan Hurley takové vyobrazení kognice nazvala „sendvičové“ paradigma mysli, neboť percepce jsou pouze vstupní data do mysli a jednání je výstupní akcí z mysli do světa, zatímco kognice je “strčena” mezi nimi (Hurley, 1998; Hurley, 2008). Protože vše relevantní pro lidskou kognici se odehrává v útrobách našich hlav, technologie se pod optikou kognitivismu opět stala neutrálním instrumentem bez vlivu na naší kognici, neboť pouze pasivně vykovává úkoly zadané lidmi-uživateli. V HCI designu kognitivismus zavedl utilitární důraz na interakci s technologií, která byla strukturována dle předem připravených plánů zcela ignorující sémantické hodnoty a vliv kontextuálních sociálních a spaciotemporálních faktorů situovanosti interakce.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Kognitivistické axiomy a tzv. silný program symbolické umělé inteligence kritizoval například filosof (Searle, 1980). Známý HCI teoretik Don Norman, napsal, že pro studium kognici je třeba jednání člověka studovat ze systémového pohledu, ve kterém situace, sociální a kulturní vlivy spolu interagují zpětnovazebními mechanismy (Norman, 1980). Filosof Hubert Dreyfus pomocí Heideggerovy fenomenologie, pozdního díla Wittgensteina a Merleau-Pontyho Dreyfus argumentoval, že model člověka symbolického procesu abstrahovaný ze světa nepovede k inteligentnímu jednání, neboť člověk a jeho kognice jsou fundamentálně \u003Cem>vtělené \u003C\u002Fem>ve-světě, kdy svět slouží jako externí reprezentace sebe sama a významy věcí a nástrojů v Heideggerově analýze prostředků jsou ukotveny v „síti signifikace“. (Heidegger, 1996, §15 69\u002F89). Pouze skrze vztahy k dalším prostředkům a kontextu praxe jeho použití získává daný nástroj svůj význam (Kiverstein, 2012, s. 4). Dreyfusovo uvedení fenomenologie a principu vtělenosti do kognitivní vědy měl zásadní dopad na výzkum HCI a umělé inteligence. Přímo inspiroval Terryho Winograda (Winograd, 1987) nebo antropoložku Lucy Suchman (Suchman, 1985; Clark a Chalmers, 1998), která empirickým výzkumem ukázala, že lidé nejednají na základě strukturovaných a priori plánů, nýbrž jednají \u003Cem>ad hoc\u003C\u002Fem> v reálném čase na konkrétní \u003Cem>situaci \u003C\u002Fem>a využívají zdrojů, které mají po ruce, čímž pomohla nastartovat výzkumný program \u003Cem>situované akce\u002Fkognice\u003C\u002Fem>. Rodney Brooks v klasickém článku (Brooks, 1991) souhlasil, že svět je svým nejlepším modelem a byl jeden z prvních, kteří v robotice implementovali myšlenky „Heideggeriánské UI“ nepoužívající interní reprezentace. Vtělenost kognice, tedy teze, že tělo netriviálně formuje naše myšlení, dále prozkoumali například (Lakoff a Johnson, 1980). Pokud přijmeme argument, že tělo hraje důležitou roli v naší kognici, proč se omezovat hranicemi naší kůže?\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Jednou z odpovědí na tuto otázku byly teze distribuované (Hutchins, 1995) a rozšířené kognice (Clark, 1997; Clark a Chalmers, 1998; Clark, 2004). Argumentují, že vyšší kognitivní procesy jsou produkovány aplikací nižších kognitivních procesů na použití kulturních materiálů v podobě jazyka, znakových systémů či technologických artefaktů (Hutchins, 2010; Norman, 1993; Vygotsky, 1975; Clark, 2001). Andy Clark, hlavní představitel teorie rozšířené kognice zastává pozici \u003Cem>aktivního externalismu\u003C\u002Fem>, v jehož případě je lidský organismus tvoří s externí entitou prostřednictvím obousměrné interakce propojený (coupled) kognitivní systém, který je nutné chápat jako jeden celek. Externí procesy jsou stejně kauzálně relevantní jako interní části mozku. Podle Clarka mysl „prosakuje“ do prostředí, a proto jsme \u003Cem>přirozenými kyborgy\u003C\u002Fem>: kybernetickým organismem, ve kterém biologické, technologické a environmentální komponenty dávají vzniknout emergentním schopnostem a jednání.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Historie i současnost teorie rozšířené kognice je tedy komplexní. David Chalmers (Clark, 2004, předmluva) i český teoretik Roman Madzia (Madzia, 2013) poukazují na to, že zárodečné myšlení teorie rozšířené kognice najdeme již u představitelů filosofie amerického pragmatismu Herberta Meada a Johna Deweyho. Novomediální teorie (např. Manovich, 2002; Dvořák, 2010; Wark, 2016), HCI (Kaptelinin a Nardi, 2006; Turner, 2016), antropologie (Haraway, 1987) i sociologie vědy navazující na dílo Bruno Latoura vykazují tradici analýzy vztahu člověka a mediální technologie, které přímo vychází nebo jsou komplementární k teorii rozšířené kognice. Historická analýza tématu se v neposlední řadě musí zároveň vypořádat s odlišnostmi a sdílenými předpoklady přímo uvnitř kognitivní vědy, neboť teorie rozšíření kognice sdílí zájem vědců s dalšími paralelními výzkumnými programy Embodied, Embedded a Enactive kognice, jež jsou označované zastřešujícím pojmem 4E kognitivní vědy (Kiverstein, 2018).\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Protože teorie rozšířené kognice je radikálně anti-karteziánská a propojuje tělo, mysl a prostředí, nabízí se její explicitní uvedení do filosofie techniky prostřednictvím syntézy novomediální teorie a současné postfenomenologické filosofie techniky (Ihde, 1978; Ihde, 1990; Verbeek, 2005; Verbeek a Rosenberger, 2015; Verbeek, 2015). Její představitelé analyzují technologii jako multistabilní a anti-esencialistické médium, které amplifikuje a redukuje naše percepce, čímž vytváří specifický vztah ke světu.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Tato syntéza nabízí několik bodů zkoumání. Zaprvé představuje argument pro ontologickou analýzu nefixní, multistabilní povahy člověka a technologických objektů, jež se definuje teprve při vzájemné interakci. Zadruhé by bylo možné prozkoumat, jakým způsobem užíváme „kognitivní technologie“ k odkládání (off-load) náročných činností z mozku na externí artefakty (Clark, 2002; Dennet, 1996, s. 134-135). V neposlední by bylo vhodné se zaměřit na to, jakým způsobem použití technologie zprostředkovává (mediuje) a transformuje náš přístup ke světu. Jednou z implikací takové syntézy pro obory HCI a designu technologie v technologicky mediovaném světě by mohlo být, že design technologie je ekvivalentní k designu vztahu mezi člověkem, přírodou a sociálním světem, ale také designu lidských kognitivních schopností.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp> \u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>\u003Ca id=\"zdroje-k-zadani-projektu\" name=\"zdroje-k-zadani-projektu\">\u003C\u002Fa>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2>Zdroje k zadání projektu\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>BROOKS, Rodney A., 1991. Intelligence without representation. \u003Cem>Artificial Intelligence\u003C\u002Fem> [online]. \u003Cstrong>47\u003C\u002Fstrong>(1-3), 139-159 [cit. 2018-05-22]. DOI: 10.1016\u002F0004-3702(91)90053-M. ISSN 00043702. Dostupné z: http:\u002F\u002Flinkinghub.elsevier.com\u002Fretrieve\u002Fpii\u002F000437029190053M\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>BUSH, Vannevar, 1945. As we may think. \u003Cem>The Atlantic\u003C\u002Fem> [online]. July 1945, (JULY 1945 ISSUE) [cit. 2018-05-05]. Dostupné z: https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theatlantic.com\u002Fmagazine\u002Farchive\u002F1945\u002F07\u002Fas-we-may-think\u002F303881\u002F\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>CARD, Stuart K., Thomas P. MORAN a Allen. NEWELL, 1983. \u003Cem>The psychology of human-computer interaction\u003C\u002Fem>. Hillsdale, N.J.: L. Erlbaum Associates. ISBN 0898592437.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>CLARK, A. a D. CHALMERS, 1998. The Extended Mind. \u003Cem>Analysis\u003C\u002Fem> [online]. \u003Cstrong>58\u003C\u002Fstrong>(1), 7-19 [cit. 2017-10-16]. DOI: 10.1093\u002Fanalys\u002F58.1.7. ISSN 0003-2638. Dostupné z: https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fanalysis\u002Farticle-lookup\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1093\u002Fanalys\u002F58.1.7\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>CLARK, Andy, 1997. \u003Cem>Being there: putting brain, body, and world together again\u003C\u002Fem>. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. ISBN 9780262032407.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>CLARK, Andy, 2001. \u003Cem>Mindware: an introduction to the philosophy of cognitive science\u003C\u002Fem>. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195138573.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>CLARK, Andy, 2002. Towards a science of the bio-technological mind. \u003Cem>International Journal of Cognition and Technology\u003C\u002Fem> [online]. \u003Cstrong>1\u003C\u002Fstrong>(1), 21-33 [cit. 2018-05-23]. DOI: 10.1075\u002Fijct.1.1.03cla. ISSN 1569-2167. Dostupné z: http:\u002F\u002Fwww.jbe-platform.com\u002Fcontent\u002Fjournals\u002F10.1075\u002Fijct.1.1.03cla\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>CLARK, Andy, 2004. \u003Cem>Natural-born cyborgs: minds, technologies, and the future of human intelligence\u003C\u002Fem>. [Repr.]. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195177510.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>DENNETT., 1996. \u003Cem>Kinds of minds: toward an understanding of consciousness\u003C\u002Fem>. New York: Basic Books. 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Minds, brains, and programs. \u003Cem>Behavioral and Brain Sciences\u003C\u002Fem> [online]. \u003Cstrong>3\u003C\u002Fstrong>(03), 417- [cit. 2018-05-22]. DOI: 10.1017\u002FS0140525X00005756. ISSN 0140-525X. Dostupné z: \u003Cu>\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.journals.cambridge.org\u002Fabstract_S0140525X00005756\">http:\u002F\u002Fwww.journals.cambridge.org\u002Fabstract_S0140525X00005756\u003C\u002Fa>\u003C\u002Fu>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>SUCHMAN, Lucy, 1985. \u003Cem>Plans and situated actions: The Problem of Human-Machine Communication\u003C\u002Fem> [online]. [cit. 2018-03-08]. Dostupné z: http:\u002F\u002Fbitsavers.trailing-edge.com\u002Fpdf\u002Fxerox\u002Fparc\u002FtechReports\u002FISL-6_Plans_and_Situated_Actions.pdf. Doctoral Dissertation. Palo Alto Research Center.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>TURNER, Phil., 2016. \u003Cem>HCI redux: the promise of post-cognitive interaction\u003C\u002Fem>. ISBN 9783319422336.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>VAN DIJK, Jelle, 2018. Designing for Embodied Being-in-the-World: A Critical Analysis of the Concept of Embodiment in the Design of Hybrids. \u003Cem>Multimodal Technologies and Interaction\u003C\u002Fem> [online]. \u003Cstrong>2\u003C\u002Fstrong>(1), 7- [cit. 2018-05-22]. DOI: 10.3390\u002Fmti2010007. ISSN 2414-4088. Dostupné z: http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mdpi.com\u002F2414-4088\u002F2\u002F1\u002F7\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>VARELA, Francisco J., Evan THOMPSON a Eleanor ROSCH, 1999. \u003Cem>The embodied mind: cognitive science and human experience\u003C\u002Fem>. 7. print. Cambridge [u.a.]: MIT Press. ISBN 9780262720212.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>VEERBEK, Peter-Paul, 2015. Toward a Theory of Technological Mediation: A Program for Postphenomenological Research. BERG, Jan Kyrre, O FRIIS a Robert P. CREASE. \u003Cem>Technoscience and postphenomenology: the Manhattan papers\u003C\u002Fem>. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, s. 189-204. ISBN 978-0-7391-8961-0.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>VERBEEK, Peter-Paul, , Robert a ROSENBERGER, ed., 2015. \u003Cem>Postphenomenological investigations: essays on human-technology relations\u003C\u002Fem>. Lanham: Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0739194362.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>VERBEEK, Peter-Paul a Robert P. CREASE, 2005. \u003Cem>What things do: philosophical reflections on technology, agency, and design\u003C\u002Fem>. 2. print. University Park, Pa: Pennsylvania State Univ. Press. ISBN 9780271025407.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>VYGOTSKY, L. S., 1975. \u003Cem>Thought and language\u003C\u002Fem>. 12. print. Cambridge, Mass: M.I.T. Press. ISBN 9780262220033.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>WARK, McKenzie, 2016. \u003Cem>Molecular Red: Theory for the Anthropocene\u003C\u002Fem>. ISBN 9781784784089.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>WINOGRAD, Terry a Fernando FLORES, 1987. \u003Cem>Understanding computers and cognition: a new foundation for design\u003C\u002Fem>. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. ISBN 0-201-11297-3.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>\u003Ca id=\"seznam-relevantni-literatury\" name=\"seznam-relevantni-literatury\">\u003C\u002Fa>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2>Seznam relevantní literatury\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>ADAMS, Frederick a Kenneth AIZAWA, 2007. The bounds of cognition. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 9781405149143.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>BOLTER, Jay David a Richard GRUSIN, 1999. \u003Cem>Remediation: understanding new media\u003C\u002Fem>. Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN 0262522799.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>BRATTON, Benjamin H., 2015. \u003Cem>The stack: on software and sovereignty\u003C\u002Fem>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT press. Software studies. ISBN 9780262029575.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Brooks, Rodney, 1991, Intelligence without representation\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>CARROLL, John M., ed., 2003. \u003Cem>HCI Models, Theories, and Frameworks Toward a Multidisciplinary Science\u003C\u002Fem>. Burlington: Elsevier. ISBN 978-008-0491-417.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>CHEMERO, Anthony, 2011. Radical embodied cognitive science. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. ISBN 9780262516471.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Clark, A., and J. Toribio, 1994, “Doing without representing?” Synthese, 101: 401–431.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Clark, Andy, 1997, Being There: Putting Mind, Body, and World Together Again, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Clark, Andy, 2001, “Reasons, Robots, and the Extended Mind,” Mind and Language, 16: 121–145.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Clark, Andy, 2001. Natural-Born Cyborgs?. In: Cognitive Technology: Instruments of Mind. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001-7-24, s. 17-24. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. DOI: 10.1007\u002F3-540-44617-6_2. ISBN 978-3-540-42406-2. Dostupné také z: http:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002F10.1007\u002F3-540-44617-6_2\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Clark, Andy, 2003, Natural-Born Cyborgs: Minds, Technologies, and the Future of Human Intelligence, New York: Oxford University Press.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Clark, Andy, 2008, Supersizing the Mind: Embodiment, Action, and Cognitive Extension, New York: Oxford University Press.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Clark, Andy; Chalmers, David, 1998, The extended mind\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>DEWEY, J., (1896), The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology”, Psychological Review, 3 (1), pp. 357- 370.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>DVOŘÁK, Tomáš, ed., 2010. Kapitoly z dějin a teorie médií. Praha: Akademie výtvarných umění v Praze, Vědecko-výzkumné pracoviště. Edice VVP AVU. ISBN 978-80-87108-16-8.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>EEDE, Yoni Van Den, 2012. \u003Cem>Amor technologiae: Marshall McLuhan as philosopher of technology : toward a philosophy of human-media relationships\u003C\u002Fem>. Brussels: VUBPRESS. ISBN 9789057181870.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>GALLAGHER, Shaun, 2014. Pragmatic interventions into enactice and extended conceptions of cognition. Philosophical Issues [online]. 24(1), 110-126 [cit. 2018-05-25]. DOI: 10.1111\u002Fphis.12027. ISSN 15336077. Dostupné z: http:\u002F\u002Fdoi.wiley.com\u002F10.1111\u002Fphis.12027\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>GIBSON, James J., 2015. The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception. Classic Edition. 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017: Psychology Press. ISBN 978-1-315-74021-8.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>HARAWAY, Donna Jeanne, 1991. \u003Cem>Simians, cyborgs, and women: the reinvention of nature\u003C\u002Fem>. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-90387-4.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Haugeland, John, 1993, Mind embodied and embedded\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>HEFT, Harry., 2001. Ecological psychology in context: James Gibson, Roger Barker, and the legacy of William James’s radical empiricism. Mahwah, N.J.: L. Erlbaum. ISBN 978-0805823509.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>HOLLAN, James, Edwin HUTCHINS a David KIRSH, Distributed cognition: toward a new foundation for human-computer interaction research. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction [online]. 7(2), 174-196 [cit. 2018-05-25]. DOI: 10.1145\u002F353485.353487. ISSN 10730516. Dostupné z: http:\u002F\u002Fportal.acm.org\u002Fcitation.cfm?doid=353485.353487\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>HUHTAMO, Erkki. a Jussi PARIKKA, c2011. \u003Cem>Media archaeology: approaches, applications, and implications\u003C\u002Fem>. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520262744.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Hutchins, Edwin, 1995, Cognition in the Wild\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>IHDE, Don, 1978. Technics and Praxis. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. ISBN 9789400999008.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>IHDE, Don, 1990. Technology and the lifeworld: from garden to earth. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-20560-5.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>IHDE, Don, 2010. \u003Cem>Heidegger’s technologies\u003C\u002Fem>. New York: Fordham University Press. Perspectives in continental philosophy. ISBN 978-0-8232-3377-9.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>KAPTELININ, Victor. a Bonnie A. NARDI, 2006. Acting with technology: activity theory and interaction design. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Acting with technology. ISBN 9780262513319.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>KITTLER, Friedrich A., 1999. \u003Cem>Gramophone, film, typewriter\u003C\u002Fem>. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0804732338.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>KIVERSTEIN, Julian a Michael WHEELER, ed., 2012. \u003Cem>Heidegger and Cognitive Science\u003C\u002Fem>. Great Britain: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978–0–230–21655–6.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>LAKOFF, George a Mark JOHNSON, 1980. Metaphors we live by. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-46801-1.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>LATOUR, Bruno, 2007. \u003Cem>Reassembling the social: an introduction to actor-network-theory\u003C\u002Fem>. New ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199256051.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>MADZIA, Roman, 2013. Chicago Pragmatism and the Extended Mind Theory. European Journal of Pragmatism and American Philosophy [online]. V(1), – [cit. 2018-05-25]. DOI: 10.4000\u002Fejpap.609. ISSN 2036-4091. Dostupné z: http:\u002F\u002Fjournals.openedition.org\u002Fejpap\u002F609\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>MADZIA, Roman, 2014. George Herbert Mead: tělo, mysl a svět. Praha: Triton. ISBN 978-80-7387-784-2.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>MADZIA, Roman a Matthias JUNG, ed., 2016. Pragmatism and Embodied Cognitive Science: From Bodily Intersubjectivity to Symbolic Articulation. ISBN 978-3-11-048023-8.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>MANOVICH, Lev., 2002. The language of new media. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Leonardo (Series) (Cambridge, Mass.). ISBN 0-262-13374-1.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>MCLUHAN, Marshall, 1991. \u003Cem>Jak rozumět médiím: extenze člověka\u003C\u002Fem>. Praha: Odeon. Eseje (Odeon). ISBN 80-207-0296-2.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>MCLUHAN, Marshall a Eric. MCLUHAN, 1988. \u003Cem>Laws of media: the new science\u003C\u002Fem>. Buffalo: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0802057829.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>MERLEAU-PONTY, Maurice, 2013. Fenomenologie vnímání. Praha: OIKOYMENH. Knihovna novověké tradice a současnosti. ISBN 978-80-7298-485-5.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>MUMFORD, Lewis, 2010. \u003Cem>Technics and civilization\u003C\u002Fem>. London: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226550275.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>NOË, Alva, 2010. Out of our heads: why you are not your brain, and other lessons from the biology of consciousness. New York: Hill & Wang. ISBN 9780809016488.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>NORMAN, Don, 1980. Twelve Issues for Cognitive Science. Cognitive Science [online]. 4(1), 1-32 [cit. 2018-03-06]. DOI: 10.1207\u002Fs15516709cog0401_1. ISSN 03640213. Dostupné z: \u003Cu>\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fdoi.wiley.com\u002F10.1207\u002Fs15516709cog0401_1\">http:\u002F\u002Fdoi.wiley.com\u002F10.1207\u002Fs15516709cog0401_1\u003C\u002Fa>\u003C\u002Fu>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>NORMAN, Don, 1998. The invisible computer: why good products can fail, the personal computer is so complex, and information appliances are the solution. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. ISBN 9780262640411.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>NORMAN, Donald A. a Stephen W. DRAPER, ed., 1986. User centered system design: new perspectives on human-computer interaction. Hillsdale, N.J.: L. Erlbaum Associates. ISBN 0898597811.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>PARIKKA, Jussi, 2015. \u003Cem>A geology of media\u003C\u002Fem>. London: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0816695522.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>ROWLANDS, Mark, 2013. New science of the mind: from extended mind to embodied phenomenology. S.l.: Mit Press. ISBN 9780262518581.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>SHAPIRO, Lawrence A., 2014. The Routledge handbook of embodied cognition. New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN 978-0415623612.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>TURNER, Phil., 2016. \u003Cem>HCI redux: the promise of post-cognitive interaction\u003C\u002Fem>. ISBN 9783319422336.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>VARELA, Francisco J., Evan THOMPSON a Eleanor ROSCH, 1999. The embodied mind: cognitive science and human experience. 7. print. Cambridge [u.a.]: MIT Press. ISBN 9780262720212.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>VEERBEK, Peter-Paul, 2015. Toward a Theory of Technological Mediation: A Program for Postphenomenological Research. BERG, Jan Kyrre, O FRIIS a Robert P. CREASE. Technoscience and postphenomenology: the Manhattan papers. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, s. 189-204. ISBN 978-0-7391-8961-0.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>VERBEEK, Peter-Paul, , Robert a ROSENBERGER, ed., 2015. Postphenomenological investigations: essays on human-technology relations. Lanham: Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0739194362.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>VERBEEK, Peter-Paul a Robert P. CREASE, 2005. What things do: philosophical reflections on technology, agency, and design. 2. print. University Park, Pa: Pennsylvania State Univ. Press. ISBN 9780271025407.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>VYGOTSKY, L. S., 1975. Thought and language. 12. print. Cambridge, Mass: M.I.T. Press. ISBN 9780262220033.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>WARK, McKenzie, 2016. Molecular Red: Theory for the Anthropocene. ISBN 9781784784089.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>WILSON, R.A. a CLARK, Andy, 2009, “How to Situate Cognition: Letting Nature Take its Course,” in The Cambridge Handbook of Situated Cognition, M. Aydede and P. Robbins (eds.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 55–77.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>WINOGRAD, Terry a Fernando FLORES, 1987. Understanding computers and cognition: a new foundation for design. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. ISBN 0-201-11297-3.\u003C\u002Fp>\n",false,{"rendered":22,"protected":20},"\u003Cp>(tento text byl částí mého navrhovaného phd projektu) Jakou roli hraje technologie v dnešní informační a síťové společnosti? Jsou technologické artefakty pouze externím pomocníkem k myšlení, nebo se za určitých podmínek stávají neoddělitelnou částí mysli? Může dnešní filosofie techniky a kognitivní věda informovat design vztahu člověka a technologie? Přestože fascinaci technologickým Other nacházíme již ve 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[51],[176],{"href":139},[178],{"href":142},[180],{"href":181},"https:\u002F\u002Fcms.local.test\u002Fwp-json\u002Fwp\u002Fv2\u002Fposts?tags=15",[183],{"name":85,"href":86,"templated":60},[185,186,187],{"id":32,"name":130,"slug":130,"taxonomy":81,"link":129},{"id":33,"name":150,"slug":150,"taxonomy":81,"link":149},{"id":34,"name":168,"slug":168,"taxonomy":81,"link":167},{"en":189,"es":193,"fr":197},{"title":190,"slug":191,"description":192},"The Cyborg as an Accurate Description of the Human in the Philosophy of Technology?","the-cyborg-as-an-accurate-description-of-the-human-in-the-philosophy-of-technology","Part of a PhD proposal: how the theory of extended cognition, from Clark’s natural-born cyborgs to postphenomenology, could inform the philosophy of technology and HCI design.",{"title":194,"slug":195,"description":196},"¿El cíborg como descripción exacta del ser humano en la filosofía de la técnica?","el-ciborg-como-descripcion-exacta-del-ser-humano-en-la-filosofia-de-la-tecnica","Parte de una propuesta de doctorado: cómo la teoría de la cognición extendida, de los cíborgs natos de Clark a la posfenomenología, puede informar la filosofía de la técnica y el diseño HCI.",{"title":198,"slug":199,"description":200},"Le cyborg comme description exacte de l’homme dans la philosophie de la technique ?","le-cyborg-comme-description-exacte-de-l-homme-dans-la-philosophie-de-la-technique","Extrait d’un projet de doctorat : comment la théorie de la cognition étendue, des cyborgs naturels de Clark à la postphénoménologie, peut informer la philosophie de la technique et le design HCI.","\u003Cp>(this text was part of my proposed PhD project)\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>What role does technology play in today’s information and network society? Are technological artefacts merely an external aid to thinking, or do they, under certain conditions, become an inseparable part of the mind? Can today’s philosophy of technology and cognitive science inform the design of the relationship between humans and technology? Although we find a fascination with the technological Other as early as the old kabbalistic legend of the Golem or the story of Frankenstein, these questions were long neglected in academic discourse.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Jacques Ellul, following Marx, drew attention to the influence of automation and to the alienation of man. Technology was at most a mere application of scientific knowledge and, according to Karl Jaspers, a neutral instrument that carries out goals set by people. The first fundamental turn came in the work of Martin Heidegger, where technology gains ontological primacy over science and becomes a mode of human being. For these and many other commentators, however, modern technology was a thoroughly negative element that humanity has to come to terms with. From the second half of the twentieth century, the view of technology began to change, away from the conception of technology as a monolithic and dehumanising abstract force.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>The Canadian media theorist Marshall McLuhan likened technology to a medium and to an extension of human abilities that has “personal and social consequences” (McLuhan, 1991). With the proliferation of the first computers, the pioneers of the emerging field of Human-computer interaction (HCI) agreed that computers can help us cope with the growing complexity of the information and network society by augmenting the “human intellect” (Bush, 1945; Licklider, 1960; Engelbart, 1962). In these visions, the human was to become part of a symbiotic and cybernetic relationship with technology (a cyborg). These philosophically and systemically oriented views of cognition were pushed into the background in HCI in the 1980s (Card, 1983), after the field found its theoretical anchoring in cognitive science and its dominant \u003Cem>cognitivist \u003C\u002Fem>paradigm. Cognitivism, through the metaphor of the computer, sees human cognition as an information-processing unit that operates with internal representations made up of physical symbols. Cognitivism’s implicit acceptance of the tradition of the Cartesian dualisms of body–mind and subject–object instilled into HCI design itself, and into the relationship between humans and technology, the assumption that the physical body and perception are merely the periphery, or the interface, between the mind and the world (Van Dijk, 2018). Susan Hurley called this picture of cognition the “sandwich” paradigm of the mind, for perceptions are merely input data into the mind and action is an output from the mind into the world, while cognition is “sandwiched” in between (Hurley, 1998; Hurley, 2008). Since everything relevant to human cognition takes place in the depths of our heads, technology, seen through the lens of cognitivism, once again became a neutral instrument without influence on our cognition, for it merely passively carries out the tasks assigned to it by human users. In HCI design, cognitivism introduced a utilitarian emphasis on interaction with technology, which was structured according to plans prepared in advance that completely ignored semantic values and the influence of the contextual social and spatiotemporal factors of the situatedness of interaction.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Cognitivist axioms and the so-called strong programme of symbolic artificial intelligence were criticised, for example, by the philosopher John Searle (Searle, 1980). The well-known HCI theorist Don Norman wrote that in order to study cognition, human action has to be studied from a systemic perspective in which the situation and social and cultural influences interact with one another through feedback mechanisms (Norman, 1980). The philosopher Hubert Dreyfus, drawing on Heidegger’s phenomenology, the late work of Wittgenstein and Merleau-Ponty, argued that a model of the human as a symbolic process abstracted from the world will not lead to intelligent action, for the human and his cognition are fundamentally \u003Cem>embodied \u003C\u002Fem>in-the-world, where the world serves as an external representation of itself, and the meanings of things and tools in Heidegger’s analysis of equipment are anchored in a “network of signification” (Heidegger, 1996, §15 69\u002F89). Only through its relations to other equipment and to the context of the practice of its use does a given tool acquire its meaning (Kiverstein, 2012, p. 4). Dreyfus’s introduction of phenomenology and of the principle of embodiment into cognitive science had a fundamental impact on research in HCI and artificial intelligence. It directly inspired Terry Winograd (Winograd, 1987) and the anthropologist Lucy Suchman (Suchman, 1985; Clark and Chalmers, 1998), who showed through empirical research that people do not act on the basis of structured a priori plans, but rather act \u003Cem>ad hoc\u003C\u002Fem>, in real time, in response to the concrete \u003Cem>situation \u003C\u002Fem>and make use of the resources they have at hand, thereby helping to launch the research programme of \u003Cem>situated action\u002Fcognition\u003C\u002Fem>. In a classic article (Brooks, 1991), Rodney Brooks agreed that the world is its own best model, and he was one of the first to implement in robotics the ideas of a “Heideggerian AI” that does not use internal representations. The embodiment of cognition, that is, the thesis that the body non-trivially shapes our thinking, was explored further by, for example, Lakoff and Johnson (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980). If we accept the argument that the body plays an important role in our cognition, why limit ourselves to the boundaries of our skin?\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>One answer to this question was the theses of distributed (Hutchins, 1995) and extended cognition (Clark, 1997; Clark and Chalmers, 1998; Clark, 2004). They argue that higher cognitive processes are produced by applying lower cognitive processes to the use of cultural materials in the form of language, sign systems or technological artefacts (Hutchins, 2010; Norman, 1993; Vygotsky, 1975; Clark, 2001). Andy Clark, the main proponent of the theory of extended cognition, holds the position of \u003Cem>active externalism\u003C\u002Fem>, in which the human organism, through two-way interaction with an external entity, forms together with it a coupled cognitive system that must be understood as a single whole. External processes are just as causally relevant as the internal parts of the brain. According to Clark, the mind “leaks” into the environment, and that is why we are \u003Cem>natural-born cyborgs\u003C\u002Fem>: cybernetic organisms in which biological, technological and environmental components give rise to emergent abilities and action.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>The history and the present of the theory of extended cognition are thus complex. David Chalmers (Clark, 2004, foreword) and the Czech theorist Roman Madzia (Madzia, 2013) both point out that the germs of the thinking of the theory of extended cognition can already be found in the representatives of the philosophy of American pragmatism, George Herbert Mead and John Dewey. New media theory (e.g. Manovich, 2002; Dvořák, 2010; Wark, 2016), HCI (Kaptelinin and Nardi, 2006; Turner, 2016), anthropology (Haraway, 1987) and the sociology of science following the work of Bruno Latour all show a tradition of analysing the relationship between humans and media technology that either derives directly from the theory of extended cognition or is complementary to it. Last but not least, a historical analysis of the topic must at the same time deal with the differences and shared assumptions within cognitive science itself, for the theory of extended cognition shares the interests of researchers with the other parallel research programmes of Embodied, Embedded and Enactive cognition, which are referred to by the umbrella term 4E cognitive science (Kiverstein, 2018).\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Since the theory of extended cognition is radically anti-Cartesian and connects body, mind and environment, it lends itself to being explicitly introduced into the philosophy of technology through a synthesis of new media theory and contemporary postphenomenological philosophy of technology (Ihde, 1978; Ihde, 1990; Verbeek, 2005; Verbeek and Rosenberger, 2015; Verbeek, 2015). Its representatives analyse technology as a multistable and anti-essentialist medium that amplifies and reduces our perceptions, thereby creating a specific relationship to the world.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>This synthesis offers several points of inquiry. First, it presents an argument for an ontological analysis of the non-fixed, multistable nature of humans and technological objects, which is defined only in their mutual interaction. Second, it would be possible to explore how we use “cognitive technologies” to off-load demanding activities from the brain onto external artefacts (Clark, 2002; Dennett, 1996, p. 134-135). Last but not least, it would be worth focusing on how the use of technology mediates and transforms our access to the world. One of the implications of such a synthesis for the fields of HCI and technology design in a technologically mediated world could be that the design of technology is equivalent to the design of the relationship between humans, nature and the social world, but also to the design of human cognitive abilities.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp> \u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>\u003Ca id=\"zdroje-k-zadani-projektu\" name=\"zdroje-k-zadani-projektu\">\u003C\u002Fa>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2>Sources for the project proposal\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>BROOKS, Rodney A., 1991. Intelligence without representation. \u003Cem>Artificial Intelligence\u003C\u002Fem> [online]. \u003Cstrong>47\u003C\u002Fstrong>(1-3), 139-159 [cited 2018-05-22]. DOI: 10.1016\u002F0004-3702(91)90053-M. ISSN 00043702. Available at: http:\u002F\u002Flinkinghub.elsevier.com\u002Fretrieve\u002Fpii\u002F000437029190053M\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>BUSH, Vannevar, 1945. As we may think. \u003Cem>The Atlantic\u003C\u002Fem> [online]. July 1945, (JULY 1945 ISSUE) [cited 2018-05-05]. Available at: https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theatlantic.com\u002Fmagazine\u002Farchive\u002F1945\u002F07\u002Fas-we-may-think\u002F303881\u002F\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>CARD, Stuart K., Thomas P. MORAN and Allen. NEWELL, 1983. \u003Cem>The psychology of human-computer interaction\u003C\u002Fem>. Hillsdale, N.J.: L. Erlbaum Associates. ISBN 0898592437.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>CLARK, A. and D. CHALMERS, 1998. The Extended Mind. \u003Cem>Analysis\u003C\u002Fem> [online]. \u003Cstrong>58\u003C\u002Fstrong>(1), 7-19 [cited 2017-10-16]. DOI: 10.1093\u002Fanalys\u002F58.1.7. ISSN 0003-2638. Available at: https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fanalysis\u002Farticle-lookup\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1093\u002Fanalys\u002F58.1.7\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>CLARK, Andy, 1997. \u003Cem>Being there: putting brain, body, and world together again\u003C\u002Fem>. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. ISBN 9780262032407.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>CLARK, Andy, 2001. \u003Cem>Mindware: an introduction to the philosophy of cognitive science\u003C\u002Fem>. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195138573.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>CLARK, Andy, 2002. Towards a science of the bio-technological mind. \u003Cem>International Journal of Cognition and Technology\u003C\u002Fem> [online]. \u003Cstrong>1\u003C\u002Fstrong>(1), 21-33 [cited 2018-05-23]. DOI: 10.1075\u002Fijct.1.1.03cla. ISSN 1569-2167. Available at: http:\u002F\u002Fwww.jbe-platform.com\u002Fcontent\u002Fjournals\u002F10.1075\u002Fijct.1.1.03cla\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>CLARK, Andy, 2004. \u003Cem>Natural-born cyborgs: minds, technologies, and the future of human intelligence\u003C\u002Fem>. [Repr.]. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195177510.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>DENNETT., 1996. \u003Cem>Kinds of minds: toward an understanding of consciousness\u003C\u002Fem>. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 9780465073511.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>DVOŘÁK, Tomáš, ed., 2010. \u003Cem>Kapitoly z dějin a teorie médií\u003C\u002Fem>. Praha: Akademie výtvarných umění v Praze, Vědecko-výzkumné pracoviště. Edice VVP AVU. ISBN 978-80-87108-16-8.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>ENGELBART, Douglas C., 1962. Augmenting Human Intellect: A conceptual framework. \u003Cem>Director of Information Sciences Air Force Office of Scientific Research,\u003C\u002Fem>. Washington 25, D.C. Also available at: \u003Cu>\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dougengelbart.org\u002Fpubs\u002Fpapers\u002Fscanned\u002FDoug_Engelbart-AugmentingHumanIntellect.pdf\">http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dougengelbart.org\u002Fpubs\u002Fpapers\u002Fscanned\u002FDoug_Engelbart-AugmentingHumanIntellect.pdf\u003C\u002Fa>\u003C\u002Fu>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>HARAWAY, Donna, 1987. A manifesto for Cyborgs: Science, technology, and socialist feminism in the 1980s. Australian Feminist Studies [online]. 2(4), 1-42 [cited 2018-05-23]. DOI: 10.1080\u002F08164649.1987.9961538. ISSN 0816-4649. Available at: http:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1080\u002F08164649.1987.9961538\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>HEIDEGGER, Martin, 1996. \u003Cem>Bytí a čas\u003C\u002Fem>. Praha: Oikoymenh. Oikúmené. ISBN 80–86–005–12–7.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>HURLEY, Susan, 2008. The shared circuits model (SCM): How control, mirroring, and simulation can enable imitation, deliberation, and mindreading. Behavioral and Brain Sciences [online]. 31(01), – [cited 2018-05-22]. DOI: 10.1017\u002FS0140525X07003123. ISSN 0140-525X. Available at: http:\u002F\u002Fwww.journals.cambridge.org\u002Fabstract_S0140525X07003123\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>HURLEY, Susan L., 1998. \u003Cem>Consciousness in action\u003C\u002Fem>. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674164202.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>HUTCHINS, Edwin, 1995. \u003Cem>Cognition in the wild\u003C\u002Fem>. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT. ISBN 0-262-08231-4.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>HUTCHINS, Edwin, 2010. Enaction, Imagination, and Insight. STEWART, John, Olivier GAPENNE and Ezequiel A. DI PAOLO, ed. \u003Cem>Enaction: Toward a New Paradigm for Cognitive Science\u003C\u002Fem>[online]. The MIT Press [cited 2018-05-23]. ISBN 9780262014601.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>IHDE, Don, 1978. \u003Cem>Technics and Praxis\u003C\u002Fem>. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. ISBN 9789400999008.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>IHDE, Don, 1990. \u003Cem>Technology and the lifeworld: from garden to earth\u003C\u002Fem>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-20560-5.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>KAPTELININ, Victor. and Bonnie A. NARDI, 2006. \u003Cem>Acting with technology: activity theory and interaction design\u003C\u002Fem>. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Acting with technology. ISBN 9780262513319.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>KIVERSTEIN, Julian, 2012. What Is Heideggerian Cognitive Science?. KIVERSTEIN, Julian and Michael WHEELER. \u003Cem>Heidegger and Cognitive Science\u003C\u002Fem>. Great Britain: Palgrave Macmillan, p. 1-61. ISBN 978–0–230–21655–6.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>KIVERSTEIN, Julian, 2018. Extended Cognition. NEWEN, Albert, Shaun GALLAGHER and Leon DE BRUIN. \u003Cem>Oxford Handbook of 4E Cognition\u003C\u002Fem>. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198735410.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>LAKOFF, George and Mark JOHNSON, 1980. Metaphors we live by. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-46801-1.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>LICKLIDER, J. C. R., 1960. Man-Computer Symbiosis. In: \u003Cem>RE Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics I\u003C\u002Fem>. HFE-1. p. 4-11.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>MADZIA, Roman. Chicago Pragmatism and the Extended Mind Theory : Mead and Dewey on the Nature of Cognition. \u003Cem>European Journal of Pragmatism and American Philosophy\u003C\u002Fem>, Roma: Associazione Pragma, 2013, vol. V, no. 1, p. 193-211. ISSN 2036-4091.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>MANOVICH, Lev, 2002. \u003Cem>The language of new media\u003C\u002Fem>. Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-63255-1.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>MCLUHAN, Marshall, 1991. \u003Cem>Jak rozumět médiím: extenze člověka\u003C\u002Fem>. Praha: Odeon. Eseje (Odeon). ISBN 80-207-0296-2.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>NORMAN, Donald A., 1980. Twelve Issues for Cognitive Science. \u003Cem>Cognitive Science\u003C\u002Fem> [online]. \u003Cstrong>4\u003C\u002Fstrong>(1), 1-32 [cited 2018-03-06]. DOI: 10.1207\u002Fs15516709cog0401_1. ISSN 03640213. Available at: http:\u002F\u002Fdoi.wiley.com\u002F10.1207\u002Fs15516709cog0401_1\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>NORMAN, Donald A., 1993. \u003Cem>Things that make us smart: defending human attributes in the age of the machine\u003C\u002Fem>. [Nachdr.]. Reading, Mass. [u.a.]: Perseus Books. ISBN 9780201626957.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>SEARLE, John R., 1980. Minds, brains, and programs. \u003Cem>Behavioral and Brain Sciences\u003C\u002Fem> [online]. \u003Cstrong>3\u003C\u002Fstrong>(03), 417- [cited 2018-05-22]. DOI: 10.1017\u002FS0140525X00005756. ISSN 0140-525X. Available at: \u003Cu>\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.journals.cambridge.org\u002Fabstract_S0140525X00005756\">http:\u002F\u002Fwww.journals.cambridge.org\u002Fabstract_S0140525X00005756\u003C\u002Fa>\u003C\u002Fu>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>SUCHMAN, Lucy, 1985. \u003Cem>Plans and situated actions: The Problem of Human-Machine Communication\u003C\u002Fem> [online]. [cited 2018-03-08]. Available at: http:\u002F\u002Fbitsavers.trailing-edge.com\u002Fpdf\u002Fxerox\u002Fparc\u002FtechReports\u002FISL-6_Plans_and_Situated_Actions.pdf. Doctoral Dissertation. Palo Alto Research Center.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>TURNER, Phil., 2016. \u003Cem>HCI redux: the promise of post-cognitive interaction\u003C\u002Fem>. ISBN 9783319422336.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>VAN DIJK, Jelle, 2018. Designing for Embodied Being-in-the-World: A Critical Analysis of the Concept of Embodiment in the Design of Hybrids. \u003Cem>Multimodal Technologies and Interaction\u003C\u002Fem> [online]. \u003Cstrong>2\u003C\u002Fstrong>(1), 7- [cited 2018-05-22]. DOI: 10.3390\u002Fmti2010007. ISSN 2414-4088. Available at: http:\u002F\u002Fwww.mdpi.com\u002F2414-4088\u002F2\u002F1\u002F7\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>VARELA, Francisco J., Evan THOMPSON and Eleanor ROSCH, 1999. \u003Cem>The embodied mind: cognitive science and human experience\u003C\u002Fem>. 7. print. Cambridge [u.a.]: MIT Press. ISBN 9780262720212.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>VEERBEK, Peter-Paul, 2015. Toward a Theory of Technological Mediation: A Program for Postphenomenological Research. BERG, Jan Kyrre, O FRIIS and Robert P. CREASE. \u003Cem>Technoscience and postphenomenology: the Manhattan papers\u003C\u002Fem>. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, p. 189-204. ISBN 978-0-7391-8961-0.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>VERBEEK, Peter-Paul, , Robert and ROSENBERGER, ed., 2015. \u003Cem>Postphenomenological investigations: essays on human-technology relations\u003C\u002Fem>. Lanham: Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0739194362.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>VERBEEK, Peter-Paul and Robert P. CREASE, 2005. \u003Cem>What things do: philosophical reflections on technology, agency, and design\u003C\u002Fem>. 2. print. University Park, Pa: Pennsylvania State Univ. Press. ISBN 9780271025407.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>VYGOTSKY, L. S., 1975. \u003Cem>Thought and language\u003C\u002Fem>. 12. print. Cambridge, Mass: M.I.T. Press. ISBN 9780262220033.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>WARK, McKenzie, 2016. \u003Cem>Molecular Red: Theory for the Anthropocene\u003C\u002Fem>. ISBN 9781784784089.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>WINOGRAD, Terry and Fernando FLORES, 1987. \u003Cem>Understanding computers and cognition: a new foundation for design\u003C\u002Fem>. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. ISBN 0-201-11297-3.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>\u003Ca id=\"seznam-relevantni-literatury\" name=\"seznam-relevantni-literatury\">\u003C\u002Fa>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2>List of relevant literature\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Cp>ADAMS, Frederick and Kenneth AIZAWA, 2007. The bounds of cognition. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 9781405149143.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>BOLTER, Jay David and Richard GRUSIN, 1999. \u003Cem>Remediation: understanding new media\u003C\u002Fem>. Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN 0262522799.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>BRATTON, Benjamin H., 2015. \u003Cem>The stack: on software and sovereignty\u003C\u002Fem>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT press. Software studies. ISBN 9780262029575.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Brooks, Rodney, 1991, Intelligence without representation\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>CARROLL, John M., ed., 2003. \u003Cem>HCI Models, Theories, and Frameworks Toward a Multidisciplinary Science\u003C\u002Fem>. Burlington: Elsevier. ISBN 978-008-0491-417.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>CHEMERO, Anthony, 2011. Radical embodied cognitive science. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. ISBN 9780262516471.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Clark, A., and J. Toribio, 1994, “Doing without representing?” Synthese, 101: 401–431.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Clark, Andy, 1997, Being There: Putting Mind, Body, and World Together Again, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Clark, Andy, 2001, “Reasons, Robots, and the Extended Mind,” Mind and Language, 16: 121–145.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Clark, Andy, 2001. Natural-Born Cyborgs?. In: Cognitive Technology: Instruments of Mind. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001-7-24, p. 17-24. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. DOI: 10.1007\u002F3-540-44617-6_2. ISBN 978-3-540-42406-2. Also available at: http:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002F10.1007\u002F3-540-44617-6_2\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Clark, Andy, 2003, Natural-Born Cyborgs: Minds, Technologies, and the Future of Human Intelligence, New York: Oxford University Press.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Clark, Andy, 2008, Supersizing the Mind: Embodiment, Action, and Cognitive Extension, New York: Oxford University Press.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Clark, Andy; Chalmers, David, 1998, The extended mind\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>DEWEY, J., (1896), The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology”, Psychological Review, 3 (1), pp. 357- 370.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>DVOŘÁK, Tomáš, ed., 2010. Kapitoly z dějin a teorie médií. Praha: Akademie výtvarných umění v Praze, Vědecko-výzkumné pracoviště. Edice VVP AVU. ISBN 978-80-87108-16-8.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>EEDE, Yoni Van Den, 2012. \u003Cem>Amor technologiae: Marshall McLuhan as philosopher of technology : toward a philosophy of human-media relationships\u003C\u002Fem>. Brussels: VUBPRESS. ISBN 9789057181870.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>GALLAGHER, Shaun, 2014. Pragmatic interventions into enactice and extended conceptions of cognition. Philosophical Issues [online]. 24(1), 110-126 [cited 2018-05-25]. DOI: 10.1111\u002Fphis.12027. ISSN 15336077. Available at: http:\u002F\u002Fdoi.wiley.com\u002F10.1111\u002Fphis.12027\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>GIBSON, James J., 2015. The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception. Classic Edition. 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017: Psychology Press. ISBN 978-1-315-74021-8.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>HARAWAY, Donna Jeanne, 1991. \u003Cem>Simians, cyborgs, and women: the reinvention of nature\u003C\u002Fem>. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-90387-4.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Haugeland, John, 1993, Mind embodied and embedded\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>HEFT, Harry., 2001. Ecological psychology in context: James Gibson, Roger Barker, and the legacy of William James’s radical empiricism. Mahwah, N.J.: L. Erlbaum. ISBN 978-0805823509.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>HOLLAN, James, Edwin HUTCHINS and David KIRSH, Distributed cognition: toward a new foundation for human-computer interaction research. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction [online]. 7(2), 174-196 [cited 2018-05-25]. DOI: 10.1145\u002F353485.353487. ISSN 10730516. Available at: http:\u002F\u002Fportal.acm.org\u002Fcitation.cfm?doid=353485.353487\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>HUHTAMO, Erkki. and Jussi PARIKKA, c2011. \u003Cem>Media archaeology: approaches, applications, and implications\u003C\u002Fem>. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520262744.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Hutchins, Edwin, 1995, Cognition in the Wild\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>IHDE, Don, 1978. Technics and Praxis. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. ISBN 9789400999008.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>IHDE, Don, 1990. Technology and the lifeworld: from garden to earth. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-20560-5.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>IHDE, Don, 2010. \u003Cem>Heidegger’s technologies\u003C\u002Fem>. New York: Fordham University Press. Perspectives in continental philosophy. ISBN 978-0-8232-3377-9.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>KAPTELININ, Victor. and Bonnie A. NARDI, 2006. Acting with technology: activity theory and interaction design. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Acting with technology. ISBN 9780262513319.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>KITTLER, Friedrich A., 1999. \u003Cem>Gramophone, film, typewriter\u003C\u002Fem>. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0804732338.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>KIVERSTEIN, Julian and Michael WHEELER, ed., 2012. \u003Cem>Heidegger and Cognitive Science\u003C\u002Fem>. Great Britain: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978–0–230–21655–6.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>LAKOFF, George and Mark JOHNSON, 1980. Metaphors we live by. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-46801-1.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>LATOUR, Bruno, 2007. \u003Cem>Reassembling the social: an introduction to actor-network-theory\u003C\u002Fem>. New ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199256051.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>MADZIA, Roman, 2013. Chicago Pragmatism and the Extended Mind Theory. European Journal of Pragmatism and American Philosophy [online]. V(1), – [cited 2018-05-25]. DOI: 10.4000\u002Fejpap.609. ISSN 2036-4091. Available at: http:\u002F\u002Fjournals.openedition.org\u002Fejpap\u002F609\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>MADZIA, Roman, 2014. George Herbert Mead: tělo, mysl a svět. Praha: Triton. ISBN 978-80-7387-784-2.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>MADZIA, Roman and Matthias JUNG, ed., 2016. Pragmatism and Embodied Cognitive Science: From Bodily Intersubjectivity to Symbolic Articulation. ISBN 978-3-11-048023-8.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>MANOVICH, Lev., 2002. The language of new media. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Leonardo (Series) (Cambridge, Mass.). ISBN 0-262-13374-1.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>MCLUHAN, Marshall, 1991. \u003Cem>Jak rozumět médiím: extenze člověka\u003C\u002Fem>. Praha: Odeon. Eseje (Odeon). ISBN 80-207-0296-2.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>MCLUHAN, Marshall and Eric. MCLUHAN, 1988. \u003Cem>Laws of media: the new science\u003C\u002Fem>. Buffalo: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0802057829.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>MERLEAU-PONTY, Maurice, 2013. Fenomenologie vnímání. Praha: OIKOYMENH. Knihovna novověké tradice a současnosti. ISBN 978-80-7298-485-5.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>MUMFORD, Lewis, 2010. \u003Cem>Technics and civilization\u003C\u002Fem>. London: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226550275.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>NOË, Alva, 2010. Out of our heads: why you are not your brain, and other lessons from the biology of consciousness. New York: Hill & Wang. ISBN 9780809016488.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>NORMAN, Don, 1980. Twelve Issues for Cognitive Science. Cognitive Science [online]. 4(1), 1-32 [cited 2018-03-06]. DOI: 10.1207\u002Fs15516709cog0401_1. ISSN 03640213. Available at: \u003Cu>\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fdoi.wiley.com\u002F10.1207\u002Fs15516709cog0401_1\">http:\u002F\u002Fdoi.wiley.com\u002F10.1207\u002Fs15516709cog0401_1\u003C\u002Fa>\u003C\u002Fu>\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>NORMAN, Don, 1998. The invisible computer: why good products can fail, the personal computer is so complex, and information appliances are the solution. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. ISBN 9780262640411.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>NORMAN, Donald A. and Stephen W. DRAPER, ed., 1986. User centered system design: new perspectives on human-computer interaction. Hillsdale, N.J.: L. Erlbaum Associates. ISBN 0898597811.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>PARIKKA, Jussi, 2015. \u003Cem>A geology of media\u003C\u002Fem>. London: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0816695522.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>ROWLANDS, Mark, 2013. New science of the mind: from extended mind to embodied phenomenology. S.l.: Mit Press. ISBN 9780262518581.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>SHAPIRO, Lawrence A., 2014. The Routledge handbook of embodied cognition. New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN 978-0415623612.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>TURNER, Phil., 2016. \u003Cem>HCI redux: the promise of post-cognitive interaction\u003C\u002Fem>. ISBN 9783319422336.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>VARELA, Francisco J., Evan THOMPSON and Eleanor ROSCH, 1999. The embodied mind: cognitive science and human experience. 7. print. Cambridge [u.a.]: MIT Press. ISBN 9780262720212.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>VEERBEK, Peter-Paul, 2015. Toward a Theory of Technological Mediation: A Program for Postphenomenological Research. BERG, Jan Kyrre, O FRIIS and Robert P. CREASE. Technoscience and postphenomenology: the Manhattan papers. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, p. 189-204. ISBN 978-0-7391-8961-0.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>VERBEEK, Peter-Paul, , Robert and ROSENBERGER, ed., 2015. Postphenomenological investigations: essays on human-technology relations. Lanham: Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0739194362.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>VERBEEK, Peter-Paul and Robert P. CREASE, 2005. What things do: philosophical reflections on technology, agency, and design. 2. print. University Park, Pa: Pennsylvania State Univ. Press. ISBN 9780271025407.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>VYGOTSKY, L. S., 1975. Thought and language. 12. print. Cambridge, Mass: M.I.T. Press. ISBN 9780262220033.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>WARK, McKenzie, 2016. Molecular Red: Theory for the Anthropocene. ISBN 9781784784089.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>WILSON, R.A. and CLARK, Andy, 2009, “How to Situate Cognition: Letting Nature Take its Course,” in The Cambridge Handbook of Situated Cognition, M. Aydede and P. Robbins (eds.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 55–77.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>WINOGRAD, Terry and Fernando FLORES, 1987. Understanding computers and cognition: a new foundation for design. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. ISBN 0-201-11297-3.\u003C\u002Fp>",1790905670004]